of Aleksander G. Dugin
identity genes Romania Romania
Romania has given the world, especially in the twentieth century, a whole galaxy of world-class genes: Nae Ionescu, Mircea Eliade , Emil Cioran , Eugen Ionescu , Ştefan Lupaşcu , Jean Pârvulescu , Vasile Lovinescu , Mihail Vâlsan e molti altri.
Per quanto sia un piccolo Paese dell’Est europeo, sul piano intellettuale la Romania ha dato un contributo significativo alla civiltà, paragonabile a quello delle grandi nazioni europee e per poco non le ha superate. L’intellettualità romena ha di caratteristico che essa riflette lo spirito del pensiero europeo ed è indissolubilmente legata allo spirito tradizionale, traendo le proprie origini dalla terra e affondando le proprie radici nell’Antichità Orthodoxy and an East European unchanged.
In his essay on Mircea Eliade Eurasia unit, referring to the nature of the Eurasian culture of Romania, Claudio Mutti cites Eliade: "I was inherit the descendant of a culture interesting because it lies between two worlds: the Western, purely European, and Oriental. Involvement of these two universes. West because of the language, Latin, and because of the Roman heritage and customs. But also participated in a culture influenced by East and rooted in the Neolithic. This is true for a Rumanian, but I'm sure it's the same for a Bulgarian, a Serbo-Croatian - short for the Balkans, South-East Europe - and part of Russia "(M. Eliade, The épreuve du Labyrinthe. Entretiens avec Claude-Henri Rocquet , Belfond Pierre, Paris 1978 , pp. 26-27).
identity Romania presents a symbiosis between carriers of eastern and western civilization, without which one take precedence over others. Therein lies the uniqueness of Romania as a society and as a territory and Romanians as a people. Romania and the Romanians were divided between the empires of the East (the Ottoman Empire) and West (the Austro-Hungarian Empire), belonging the Orthodox Church of Byzantine rite and the Latin family of peoples.
Eurasianists For Russians, this is just one of the possible approaches, since they take into account a combination of coordinates in the western and eastern culture and Russian history, claiming a specific identity of the Russian people and the State Russian.
Then, in the framework of Russian-Rumanian cultural dialogue should be considered the doctrine dell'eurasiatismo, which is autonomous, however, thanks to the variety and proportions of which it has, gives us a solid basis for mutual approach, and an understanding e un’amicizia reciproche.
Perciò la traduzione in romeno del libro I fondamenti della geopolitica , che contiene il programma della scuola geopolitica russa dell’eurasiatismo, può essere considerata un’opera di riferimento. Confido nel fatto che i Romeni, entrando in familiarità con la dottrina geopolitica dell’eurasiatismo di scuola russa, comprendano il paradigma del pensiero e dell’azione di Mosca sia in relazione al passato, sia in relazione al presente.
La Romania e la struttura delle opzioni geopolitiche (euroatlantismo ed eurocontinentalismo)
Adesso, alcune parole sulla geopolitica della Romania. Nelle condizioni attuali, l’espressione « geopolitica della Romania » non è molto appropriata, se prendiamo in considerazione la Romania come soggetto di geopolitica. Nell’architettura del mondo contemporaneo un soggetto del genere non esiste. Ciò è dovuto alla logica della globalizzazione, nella quale il problema si presenta in questi termini : o ci sarà un solo « Stato mondiale » (world state), con un governo mondiale guidato e dominato direttamente dall’ « Occidente ricco », in primo luogo dagli USA, oppure si stabilirà un equilibrio tra i « grandi spazi » ( Grossraum ) 'New empire', which complement those we have hitherto known as "nation states". In our world, or will by the sovereign nation-states (like in the sixteenth and the twentieth century) to the world government (unipolar world) or will be the transition to a new empire (multipolar world).
In both cases, the size of Romania as a state does not allow us to say - even in theory - that Romania can become a "pole", even Russia, with its nuclear capability, its natural risorsse messianism and its history, is in a similar situation.
In tali condizioni, la « geopolitica della Romania » costituisce una sezione della « geopolitica dell’Europa unita ». Questo non è soltanto un dato politico attuale, essendo la Romania un Paese membro dell’Unione Europea, ma è un fatto inevitabilmente connesso alla sua situazione geopolitica. Anzi, la stessa « geopolitica dell’Europa unita » non è qualcosa di garantito e sicuro. Perfino l’Europa presa nel suo insieme, l’Unione Europea, può basare la sua sovranità solo su un mondo multipolare ; solo in un caso del genere l’Europa sarà sovrana, sicché la Romania, in quanto parte dell’Europa, beneficerà anch’essa della sovranità. The adoption of the American model of unipolar domination, which rejects the sovereignty of Europe, involves also for Romania as a part of Europe.
therefore familiar with the geopolitical issues is not something necessary and vital, but the topic must be taken into consideration when it comes to expanding the intellectual horizons.
In truth, if we take into account what we said above in connection with the Romanians' contribution to science and culture of Europe, geopolitics could be a very important basis for determining the role and functions of Romania in the European context. There is therefore no accident that the geopolitical perspective occupies a significant part in the novels of quell'Europeo copy which was an excellent writer Jean Franco-Rumanian Pârvulescu, essayist, poet and deep thinker.
The dilemma of European geopolitics can be attributed to a choice between the Euro-Atlantic (recognition of dependence on Washington) el'eurocontinentalismo. In the first case, Europe give up its sovereignty in favor of 'big brother' ultramarine, while in the latter case it insists on its sovereignty (a model to organize its geopolitical and geostrategic). This option is not completely defined at the theoretical and depends on each of the countries of the European Union, and also from Romania. For this reason, it has to do with the geopolitics of Romania in the strict sense of the term, in the current environment requires a conscious and active participation in the choice of the future: dependence or independence, allegiance or sovereignty, Atlantic and continental .
A geopolitics of the "cordon sanitaire"
the question of geopolitics in Europe you can find the following pattern: there are countries of "New Europe (New Europe), Eastern European countries that tend to take tough positions Russophobe, thereby joining Euro-Atlantic orientation, delimiter and estranged from the current trends of the old continental Europe, primarily France and Germany (Britain is traditionally allied with the U.S.).
This has a long history. Eastern Europe was always an area of \u200b\u200bdispute between Europe and Russia: we have an example of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, when Britain deliberately used this region as a "cordon sanitaire" to prevent a can alliance between Russia and Germany, an alliance that would put an end to the Anglo-Saxon domination of the world. Today you still experience the same thing, except that now the emphasis is placed on energy projects and the countries of the 'cordon sanitaire' claims is the argument that it would also be a rematch for the 'Soviet occupation 'of the twentieth century. Topics new geopolitical old.
Romania is a country of "New Europe" and then objectively part of that "cordon sanitaire". Consequently, the choice of geopolitical Romania is as follows: either take the side of the continent, as essa è un Paese di antica identità europea, o attestarsi su posizioni atlantiste, adempiendo in tal modo alla funzione di « cordone sanitario » assegnatole dagli USA. La prima opzione implica, fra le altre cose, la costruzione di una politica di amicizia nei confronti della Russia, mentre la seconda comporta non solo un orientamento antirusso, ma anche una discrepanza rispetto alla geopolitica continentalista dell’Europa stessa, il che porta a un indebolimento della sovranità europea in favore degli USA e del mondo unipolare. Questa scelta geopolitica conferisce a Bucarest la più grande libertà di abbordare i problemi più importanti della politica internazionale.
La Greater Romania
How can we understand, in this situation, the project of construction of geopolitical nationalist Romania, a project similar to the one known as the "Great Romania"? First is the historical trend to build the Rumanian national state, a trend that developed in different historical and geopolitical conditions. Here we recall the history, from ancient Geto-Dacian and quoting Burebista and Decebal. Later arose the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, state formations that existed independently until the Ottoman conquest.
Let us also mention Michael the Brave, that at the beginning of the seventeenth century created the union of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania. It was only in the nineteenth century that Romania won its national statehood, which was recognized in 1878 at the Congress of Berlin. The strategic importance of Romania was due, even in the attainment of independence from the surrounding geopolitical forces. Sovereignty was a relative and fragile, depending on the balance of power abroad, including South (Ottoman Empire), West (Austria-Hungary, Germany, France, England) and East (Russia). Therefore, the objective of "Greater Romania" was a "national geo-political utopia," although he received an expression theoretical integral with the projects of construction of a state of Romania conservative theorists of the Iron Guard ( Corneliu Codreanu Zelea , Horia Sima), while in the period following the Realpolitik Bucharest was forced, by forces far greater than potential of Romania, to make a choice: Antonescu was attracted to Germany, Ceausescu to the Soviet Union.
to strengthen national identity, the 'national utopia "and also the' geopolitical utopia", it is extremely important not to give in any case the project "Greater Romania", but do not take into account the practical aspects of the geopolitical map of the image, as an appeal to the 'ideal' may be an element of manipulation, especially since Romania does not have, even from afar, the ability to defend, under these conditions, its sovereignty over the Greater Romania to potential geopolitical actors at global and regional (USA, Europe, Russia).
The exploitation of Rumanian nationalism from the Atlantic
One of the most obvious forms of exploitation of the idea of \u200b\u200b"Greater Romania" manifests itself today, when such an idea is used in the interests of the Atlantic. This has an obvious purpose: the Rumanian nationalism (perfectly legitimate and reasonable in itself) in Realpolitik appeals to the idea of \u200b\u200bintegration of the Republic of Moldova. It would seem a natural thing. But this legitimate desire of the union of an ethnic group in one country at a time when Romania is a NATO member, Russia would move further towards the borders of this organization and, if so, the contradictions between Moscow and the EU European Union - and the West in general - exacerbation. In other words, the utopia of national "Greater Romania" becomes in practice a mere extension of the "cordon sanitaire", which would not be the case for the benefit of the European Union, but the U.S. and the Atlantic. In this context, the Atlantica project aims ultimately to deprive Europe of its sovereignty, indirectly showing his anti-European character or, at least, anticontinentalista.
integration of the Republic of Moldova is also added to Transnistria, and Russia is a strategic position in this region. From the strategic perspective, Transnistria is very important for Moscow not only as it is a lever on which it can act in the long term relations with the Republic of Moldova, but, more importantly, in view of the likely collapse of Ukraine and its division into two parts (Eastern and Western) that previously or later it will occur as a result of the policy of Kiev subsequent to the "Orange Revolution". In Foundations of geopolitics there is a chapter on the disintegration of Ukraine. The chapter has been written in the early nineties, but after the "Orange Revolution" of 2004, this geopolitical analysis has become more accurate, more precise. At one stage, Transnistria will become a major Russia's base in the region. In this perspective, the Greater Romania becomes an obstacle, which strategists Atlanta had been planned from the beginning.
Friction between Romania and Hungary, as well as some friction with the Ukraine, are not important for the Atlantic and this aspect of Rumanian nationalism will not have the support of the Atlantic, in less than a certain point in time U.S. did not think it can be used to destabilize the situation in the form of disintegration of Yugoslavia.
Focusing on the patriotic feelings of the Romanians, the operators of the geopolitical world will strive to achieve their specific objectives.
Romania in the framework of the Eurasia Project
Now you can submit, in a nutshell, the theoretical model for the participation of Romania in the Eurasia Project. This project assumes that in the northern part of the Eurasian continent will establish two geopolitical units, two "open spaces": the European countries and Russia. In such a picture, Europe is seen as a pole, as an area of \u200b\u200bcivilization. In turn, Russia understands the South (Central Asia, Caucasus) and West (Belarus, eastern Ukraine, Crimea). The most important in un’architettura multipolare è l’eliminazione del “cordone sanitario”, questo perpetuo pomo della discordia controllato dagli Anglosassoni che è in contrasto sia con l’Europa sia con la Russia. Di conseguenza questi Paesi e questi popoli, che tendono oggettivamente a costituire la Nuova Europa, dovranno ridefinire la loro identità geopolitica. Tale identità si deve fondare su una regola principale: contemporaneamente accanto all’Europa e accanto alla Russia. L’integrazione in Europa e le relazioni amichevoli con la Russia: questo è il ponte che unisce i due poli di un mondo multipolare.
Tre Paesi dell’Europa orientale, possibilmente alleati others, could fulfill this task better than other countries: Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania. Bulgaria is an EU member, is inhabited by a Slavic and Orthodox population. Serbia is not an EU member, is inhabited by Slavs, is Orthodox and traditionally sympathetic to Russia. Finally, Romania: Orthodox country, with its metaphysical mission and a greater responsibility for the fate of Europe. In the same way, but with some variations, one could speak of Greece. Thus, Romania could find a position worthy of her in Eurasia Project, developing quality cultural and social space that connects the east (Russia) con l’Ovest (Europa), spazio che assumerebbe l’identità dei Paesi ortodossi dell’Europa, mentre le caratteristiche distintive nazionali e culturali resterebbero intatte, vale a dire non si dissolverebbero nel mondo stereotipato del globalismo né si troverebbero sotto l’influenza del modo di vita americano, che annulla tutte le peculiarità etniche. Integrandosi nell’Unione Europea e stabilendo stretti legami con la Russia, la Romania potrà assicurare il proprio sviluppo economico e potrà conservare la propria identità nazionale.
Senza alcun dubbio, questo progetto richiede un’analisi attenta e deve costituire il risultato di uno sforzo intellettuale very seriously by the elite of Romania, European and Russian.
work Corrections: The Fundamentals of Geopolitics
The book was written for Russian readers, but, as evidenced by his numerous translations and editions in other languages \u200b\u200b- especially in turkish, Arabic, Georgian, Serbian, etc.. - It has also attracted interest outside the borders of Russia. Do not forget that it was written in the nineties of the last century for those Russians who, in the climate and the general confusion of liberal reforms and expansion of the West, had lost the ideal National, mostly, in fact, it reflects the international reality of that period. Beyond this, however, the work contains references to the essential constants of geopolitics - which are identical in every age - and, in particular, the Eurasian space.
The principles enunciated in the fundamentals of geopolitics have been developed and applied to new historical realities of the early twenty-first century and are found in my later works: Eurasia Project, Eurasia Foundations, The postmodern geopolitical , etc. The fourth political theory.
The fundamentals of geopolitics is characterized by the presentation of the basic geopolitical method applied to the case of Eurasia.
At various times after its publication, the text of the fundamentals of geopolitics has been revised, each time under the influence of events in the making, and this has led to clarify certain points of view. First, the author has revised its attitude towards Turkey's position initially negative due to Turkey's membership of NATO and of the action took place in the nineties by the Turkish activities in the CIS. In the late nineties, however, la situazione della Turchia ha cominciato a cambiare, poiché alcuni membri dei gruppi kemalisti degli ambienti militari, così come l’élite intellettuale e molti partiti e movimenti politici si sono resi conto che l’identità nazionale turca è minacciata di scomparsa qualora Ankara continui ad eseguire gli ordini di Washington nella politica internazionale e regionale. Questi circoli sollevano un grande interrogativo, perfino per quanto concerne l’integrazione della Turchia nell’Unione Europea, proprio a causa dei timori relativi alla perdita dell’identità turca. I Turchi stessi parlano sempre più di Eurasia, vedendo in quest’ultima il luogo della loro identità, così come già fanno i Russians and Kazakhs. For now, opinion is divided, not only political elite but also among the population. This is also reflected in the case of some Turkish political leaders (eg, General Tuncer Kilinc), who consider the possibility of withdrawing from NATO, Turkey and bring Turkey closer to Russia, Iran and China in the new multipolar context.
of this evolution of Turkish politics there is no trace in the fundamentals of geopolitics, that argument is completely dedicated to the recent work Ankara-Moscow Axis. Despite the anti-Turkish songs, the Turks have shown interest in the fundamentals of geopolitics, that have become a reference text and a real manual for political and military leaders, opening a new perspective on the world, not just to the West, but also to the East
Similarly, in the book are not considered a victory for Moscow to Chechnya, the events in New York on 11 September 2001, attempts to create a Paris-Berlin-Moscow when the U.S. invasion in Iraq, Kosovo's secession and war Russian-Georgian in August 2008.
Nevertheless, the careful reader of the methods presented in the fundamentals of geopolitics will be able to carry out its own analysis Eurasia in connection with the Project. Geopolitics is able to answer the questions "what" and "where" and ensuring that answers are as accurate as possible. But, with regard to a given point in the future, you understand that the weather may not be as stringent. Geopolitics describes the framework of manifestation of the events connected with the space, but also the conditions and limitations of ongoing processes. As we know, history is always an open question, to which the events may take place in their framework and will be made manifest in different ways. Certainly, the events took place along the geopolitical logic, to depart from or even sometimes to move to a contrary direction. But even these removals to contain an explanation and a geopolitical sense, implying a whole series of forces, each of which tends to take over the processes and events to their advantage. why different methods are used outside the army, which in past decades had a major role, but now is a more efficient role played by the "network" army (war of networks), the latter aims to establish control on the opponent even before the confrontation, through the so-called "action of base effects." In this "war of the networks' knowledge or ignorance the laws of geopolitics (and of course all the effects connected) is crucial.
So it's no wonder that the very people who benefit most from the fruits of geopolitics, in answer to the question about the seriousness of the latter, in principle, they refuse to submit to its rigors .
(Trad. C. Mutti)
* Aleksandr G. Dugin (b. 1962), doctor of philosophy and political science, is dean of the New University, director of the Research Center of the State University of Conservatives Moscow and founder of the Eurasia Movement. The text translated here is the foreword written by A. Dugin for Romania's edition of Fundamentals of geopolitics (Bazel geopoliticii, Editura Eurasian, Bucharest 2011).
0 comments:
Post a Comment